Multicast traffic aggregation in MPLS-based VPN networks

This article gives an overview of the current practical approaches under study for a scalable implementation of multicast in layer 2 and 3 VPNs over an IP-MPLS multiservice network. These proposals are based on a well-known technique: the aggregation of traffic into shared trees to manage the forwarding state vs. bandwidth saving trade-off. This sort of traffic engineering mechanism requires methods to estimate the resources needed to set up a multicast shared tree for a set of VPNs. The methodology proposed in this article consists of studying the effect of aggregation obtained by random shared tree allocation on a reference model of a representative network scenario.Publicad

Electrical and magnetic studies of ZnxMnyCr zSe4 p-type semiconductors

The structural, electrical and magnetic investigations carried out on the ZnxMnyCrzSe4 polycrystals with y = 0:19, 0.29 and 0.38 revealed the spinel structure with the Mn ions occupying tetrahedral sites, p-type conduction with polaronic transport at high temperatures and antiferromagnetic order with a Néel temperature of 20 K and a Curie–Weiss temperature of 103 K. With increasing Mn content in a sample both the effective magnetic moment and the re-entrant temperature increase while the first and second critical fields connected with a metamagnetic transition and the breakdown of the conical spin arrangement decrease, respectively. These results are interpreted in terms of giant cubic anisotropy as well as an effect of Mn impurities on the screw structure of ZnCr2Se4

Effect of cation substitution on critical fields in the n-type Zn xSnyCrzSe4 spinel semiconductors

The ac dynamic magnetic susceptibility was used to study a cation substitution on critical fields in polycrystalline (Zn0:87Sn0:048)Cr2:02Se4 and Zn0:93[Cr1:95Sn0:05]Se4 spinels with tetra- and octahedral coordination of Sn ions, respectively. An increasing static magnetic field shifts the Néel temperature TN to lower temperatures while a susceptibility peak at Tm in the paramagnetic region — to higher temperatures. Below TN the magnetic field dependence of susceptibility, Âac(H), shows two peaks at critical fields Hc1 and Hc2. The values of Hc1 decrease slightly with temperature while the values of Hc2 decrease strongly with temperature, especially for spinel with octahedral coordination of Sn ions, suggesting a weakness of the ferromagnetic component

Security Concepts in IPv6 Based Aeronautical Communications

Space scienc

Chapter Security Concepts in IPv6 Based Aeronautical Communications

Space scienc

Red Fox Vulpes vulpes (L., 1758) as a Bioindicator of Mercury Contamination in Terrestrial Ecosystems of North-Western Poland

In this study, we determined the concentrations of total mercury (Hg) in samples of liver, kidney and skeletal muscle of 27 red foxes Vulpes vulpes (L., 1758) from north-western Poland, and examined the morphometric characteristics of the collected specimens. The analysis also included the relationship between Hg concentration and the fox size, and the suitability of individual organs as bioindicators in indirect evaluation of environmental mercury contamination. Determination of Hg concentration was performed by atomic absorption spectroscopy. In the analysed samples, the Hg concentration was low and the maximum value did not exceed 0.85 mgHg/kg dry weight (dw). There were no significant differences in Hg concentrations in the analysed material between males and females or between immature and adult groups. The median concentrations of Hg in the liver, kidney and skeletal muscle were 0.22, 0.11 and 0.05 mgHg/kg dw, respectively. The correlation coefficients were significant between the concentrations of mercury in the liver, kidney and skeletal muscle (positive) and between the kidney Hg concentration and kidney mass (negative). Taking into account our results and findings of other authors, it may be argued that the red fox exhibits a measurable response to mercury environmental pollution and meets the requirements of a bioindicator

Information gain in environmental monitoring through bioindi-cation and biomonitoring methods ("B & B technologies") and phytoremediation processes : with special reference to the Biological System of Chemical Elements (BSCE) under specific consideration of Lithium

Different definitions for the concepts of information, information transfer, i.e. communication and its effect and efficiency of false, but also correct information, especially from the environmental sector, are given. "THE TEN ECOLOGICAL COMMANDMENTS"developed by Menke-Glückert at the end of the 1960s, the 9th commandment "Do not pollute information", in particular, is examined in more detail and understood practically as a currently unchanging law in our existing world societies. The "Ethics Consensus", derived from "THE TEN ECOLOGICAL COMMANDMENTS"and developed by Markert at the end of the 1990s, reflects both theoretical and practical levels of action that many people in our highly diverse world societies can support. From a scientific point of view, this article deals with the so-called B & B technologies, i.e. bioindication and biomonitoring of chemical elements, their chemical speciation as well as organic substances. B & B technologies, which deals with the biological detection of atmospheric deposition of chemical substances on a regional, national, and international level, are taken into account. From both an academic and a practical point of view, mosses have prevailed here in the last decades in addition to lichens. The use of mosses is a major focus of international air monitoring, especially in Europe. Furthermore, the phytoremediation of chemical substances in water, soil and air is described as a biological and sustainable biological process, which does not yet have the full scope as it is used in bioindication and biomonitoring, as shown in the example of mosses. However, the phytoremediation is considered to be an excellent tool to have the leading role in the sustainable pollutant "fight". In the future qualitative and quantitative approaches have been further developed to fit scientifically and practically B&B Technologies as well the different forms of phytotechnological approaches. Finally, the example of lithium, which is optionally derived from the Biological System of Chemical Elements (BSCE), becomes a chemical example that the administration of lithium to ALL mentally conditioned diseases such as manic depression to smoking cigarettes becomes one of the most valuable services for the recovery of human society on a global level. As a conclusion of these tremendous effects of lithium can be considered: Pulled out, to make clear that only this chemical element beside a psychiatric care and the involvement of family members, friends, physicians, psychologists and psychiatrists. In addition, it is a must that there is a strong relationship between patient, psychiatrist(s) and strongly related persons to the patient. First an intensive information transfer via communication must be guaranteed. After it, psychological support by doctors and, only if it seems necessary Lithium is to be given in a patient specific dose.RST/Applied Radiation & Isotope

Mobility Across Multiple Technologies : the Daidalos Approach (Special Issue on Next Generation Network Technologies)

The paper describes a network architecture, studied within the Daidalos EU project, which supports seamless communication mobility across multiple technologies at the IP layer. The architecture implements an approach to heterogeneity management in which supporting functions are distributed among the end-devices and the network infrastructure. It supports both mobile- and network-initiated handovers, managed in a technology-independent way. The architecture incorporates a cross-layer design of supporting functions, resulting in enhanced reliability and good performance. A high degree of security is achieved with a combination of security protocols that govern terminal bootstrapping, user registration in the network and handover process.The solution is generic. It is being tested in different network environments of single-hop radio access networks (802.11, 802.16, TD-CDMA) and broadcast networks (DVB-T). It will also be tested soon in multi-hop ad-hoc (802.11e) and in moving networks (NEMO)